<p>William W. Van Ness House, also known as "Talavera," is a historic home located at Claverack in Columbia County, New York. It was built in 1818 for New York State Judge William W. Van Ness and is a Federal-style residence. It is composed of a central 2-story, two-bay main block flanked by two -story wings. The wings are connected to the main house by single-story entrance hyphens. The entrance features a 2-story central portico. Also on the property are three timber-frame barns and wood-frame tool house.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Jacob Rutsen Van Rensselaer House and Mill Complex is a historic home and mill complex consisting of 14 interrelated buildings and located at Claverack in Columbia County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built by Jacob Rutsen Van Rensselaer, on a portion of what had been the familys 875,000-acre New York estate near Poughkeepsie. The main residence, a two-story brick building set on an English basement, replaced an earlier structure that was the home of Van Rensselaers father, General Robert Van Rensselaer (a brother of Lt. Gov. of New York Jeremiah Van Rensselaer and Catherine Van Rensselaer, who married Gen. Philip Schuyler, later a USA Senator). The Colonial Revival style home was designed by the French architect Pierre Pharoux. The interior features a pair of octagonal chambers and features 12-foot ceilings.</p><br>
<p>During the Gilded Age, the house was "Greek Revivaled" with the addition of a white balustrade and a grand porch with pillars, as well as a two-story rear addition built in 1929 and today, the home is roughly 6,000 square feet, and has nineteen rooms.</p><br>
<p>Located behind the house is a former office and two large barns. The mill dates to the 18th century and includes additions completed in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Also on the property are the remains of early waterworks, a store building or former cooperage, a frame dwelling, two additional dwellings, and an Italianate dwelling with four outbuildings dated to about 1884 (carriage house, ice house, shop and tool shed, and small animal barn).</p><br>
<h3>Later ownership</h3><br>
<p>In the latter part of the 19th century, Clifford Miller and his family, bought the home and were responsible for the 1920s addition where they held dances, as well as creating the vast gardens, fish ponds, and landscaping the property with specimen trees. In the late 1950s, the family divided the home up into seven apartments so their children could also raise their families there. In the 1960s, it was sold to a real estate company that parceled off much of the surrounding land for development.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, film director and Academy Award-winning screenwriter James Ivory bought the home and 12 remaining acres for about $105,000. They wrote several films in the house and edited some in the apple barn on the property. Since acquiring the home, Ivory has painstakingly restored it, guided by Jeremiah Rusconi, a Hudson Valley historical expert (and a BAFTA nominee). Ivory hosted several actors from his films at the home, including Christopher Reeve, Madeleine Potter, Julian Sands, Helena Bonham Carter, Gwyneth Paltrow, Thandie Newton, Wallace Shawn, Vanessa Redgrave, Rachel Kempson, Eartha Kitt, and Madhur Jaffrey.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the home and surrounding estate was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural drawings</h2><br>
<p>Drawings of the residence, from the Historic American Buildings Survey at the Library of Congress:</p><br>
<h2>Interior photographs</h2><br>
<p>Hickory Hill is a historic home located at Clermont in Columbia County, New York. The house was built in 1859 and is a square, two story, frame residence with a distinctive three bay pedimented facade in a late Greek Revival style. It features a full width one story porch supported by Ionic order columns. Also on the property is a brick smoke house.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Clermont Academy is a historic school building located at Clermont in Columbia County, New York. It was built in 1834 and is a two-story, five bay frame building in the Federal style. It features a gable roof with centrally located octagonal cupola. It originally functioned as a private secondary school, but became a public school and community center in 1855.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is located within the Clermont Civic Historic District, established in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Turtle House, also known as Old Turtle House or Joab Center House, is a historic home located at Greenport in Columbia County, New York. It was built about 1820 and is an outstanding and unusual example of Federal period architecture. It has a distinctive lozenge-shaped main block with highly unusual double semi-circular porticos and symmetrical secondary wings.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Henry  I. Van Rensselaer House, also known as Hudson Bush Farm, is a historic home located at Greenport in Columbia County, New York. It was built in 1785 and is a large, rectangular, two story, brick dwelling measuring 55 feet wide by 40 feet deep. It features a five bay central entrance front facade, second story Palladian window in the Georgian style, and is topped by a hipped roof. Also on the property is a smoke house, built about 1785.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Tenney House is an historic house at 65 High Street in Exeter, New Hampshire. This mansion was built circa 1800 as the primary residence of Samuel Tenney, a noted scholar, scientist, physician, American Revolutionary War surgeon, patriot, judge, and member of Congress, and his wife Tabitha Gilman Tenney, the noted early American author.</p><br>
<p>The master carpenter for the house was Ebenezer Clifford working with Bradbury Johnson. At the time, Clifford lived in the Gilman Garrison House, now owned by Historic New England. They also built the First Church, Exeter; the second Phillips Exeter Academy main building; and the Atkinson Academy building.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Tenney died in 1837, and the house was later occupied by Tristram Shaw, who was a member of the USA House of Representatives, representing New Hampshire from 1830 until his death in 1843. In January 1892, Dr. George W. Dearborn purchased the Samuel Tenney House from Frank H. Hervey.</p><br>
<p>Today the house is located at 65 High Street, having been relocated there in 1893 from its original location in the center of Exeter, next to and north of the First Church on Front Street, to accommodate construction of the Rockingham County Courthouse. On November 25, 1980, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Brookside Cemetery is a historic cemetery located along North Union Street in the city of Tecumseh in northern Lenawee County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan Historic Site and added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 13, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brookside Cemetery was set aside in 1853 as Tecumsehs primary cemetery after its original cemetery overgrew its boundaries. The original cemetery, located at the corner of South Ottawa Street and East Kilbuck Street, was abandoned, and those graves were relocated to the newly designated Brookside Cemetery. Many of Tecumsehs early settlers are buried here, including Abi Evans and Joseph W. Brown.</p><br>
<p>Although the cemetery is much larger, only 25 acres (10 hectares) is set aside as historic property by the National Register. The designated area comprises the original, rectangular plot of land that was set aside for the cemetery in 1853. In addition to graves, this property also includes an American Civil War memorial erected in 1882, a public mausoleum from 1913, and the 1915 stone arch entrance along North Union Street.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Brookside Cemetery is set on a level plain, covered with tall maples, pines, and various shrubs. The cemetery is bordered by a small creek. The 1915 main entryway is marked by a carved stone arch, flanked with an iron fence. Nearby, the 1913 mausoleum is constructed of stone, with a portico of Doric columns and a stained glass window. The earliest graves are laid out in straight rows, and are marked primarily with rectangular slabs. Later graves are marked with larger and more complex monuments. Monuments from the later 19th century include numerous obelisks, most under seven feet. Three large monuments along the central drive are approximately fifteen feet in height, and have elaborately detailed bases and are topped by statues of women. Most monuments are pink, grey, or black granite. There is a single zinc monument.</p><br>
<p>Van Valkenburgh–Isbister Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Ghent in Columbia County, New York. The complex is spread over two properties and includes 14 contributing buildings and two contributing structures.</p><br>
<h2>First property</h2><br>
<p>The first property includes the Van Valkenburgh–Isbister farmhouse (c. 1790, with later additions), an 18th-century barn, stable (c. 1850–1880), two wagon sheds (c. 1850–1880), garage (c. 1930), carriage barn and barn (c. 1850–1880), smoke house (c. 1850), outhouse (c. 1900–1925), and gas pump (c. 1930).</p><br>
<h2>Second property</h2><br>
<p>The second property has a dwelling (c. 1840), shed (c. 1875), carriage barn (c. 1875), dwelling / shed (c. 1910), and outhouse (c. 1940). The Van Valkenburgh–Isbister farmhouse consists of a -story rear block dated to about 1790 and a -story front section with Greek Revival detailing dated to about 1845.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Henry A. Dubois and Evanlina House is a historic home located at Hudson in Columbia County, New York. It was built about 1840 and is a -story, wood-frame dwelling with a stone-and-brick foundation and hipped roof in the Greek Revival style. The front facade features a one-story, three-bay open central porch with four Ionic order columns and a deep entablature. A Victorian wood cupola was added to the roof about 1870. Also on the property is an L-shaped wood-frame barn dated to the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Oliver Wiswall House is a historic home located at Hudson in Columbia County, New York. It was built about 1836 and is a -story, L-shaped brick dwelling with a low pitched hipped roof in the Greek Revival style. The north elevation has porch with four Doric order columns and a dentilled cornice. Also on the property is a garage dated to the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Crow Hill, also known as Charles Whiting Residence, is a historic home located at Kinderhook in Columbia County, New York. It was built in 1839 and is a -story, nearly square and symmetrical, wood-frame dwelling with clapboard siding in the Greek Revival style. It has a hipped roof with cupola centered over the main hall. It was framed with recycled parts of old barns and perhaps earlier homes. Also on the property is a 19th-century wood well house.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Oak Hill is a historic estate located at Linlithgo in Columbia County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oak Hill was built in 1793 by John Livingston, the twelfth of thirteen children born to Robert Livingston, third lord of Livingston Manor, and his wife Maria Thong (1711–1765), the granddaughter of Governor Rip Van Dam.</p><br>
<p>John Livingston was born February 21, 1750, in New York. His father expected his sons to take their place as his business agents and, like his older brothers, John was educated accordingly. He engaged in land speculation on both sides of the Hudson. In 1788, he served as aide-de-camp to Brigadier General George Clinton.</p><br>
<p>In his will, Robert Livingston, who died in 1790, devised his land lying east of the Post Road to four of his sons, Walter, Robert C., Henry, and John, each receiving about 28,000 acres; each received also a part of the domain to the west of that road. Originally the land was covered with timber, principally pine and oak. John settled a little south of Johnstown, now known as Livingston, which was named after him, and there built the house afterwards occupied by Philip L. Hoffman, grandfather of the late Governor Hoffman; later it was the home of John&#39;s younger brother Hendrick "Henry" (1752–1823). After John sold that property to Mr. Hoffman he moved to Oak Hill. In 1787, John Livingston served as supervisor of the Town of Livingston.</p><br>
<p>John Livingston married Maria Ann Leroy, daughter of Jacob Leroy and Cornelia Rutgers. His second wife was his first cousin, Catherine (Livingston) Ridley, the daughter of his uncle William Livingston, and the widow of Matthew Ridley. The wedding took place in November 1796 at Government House (New York City), the then residence of Governor John Jay, who was married to Catherine&#39;s elder sister Sarah. Livingston died at his Oak Hill estate at the age of seventy-two on October 24, 1822, and is buried in the Linlithgo Reformed Church Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The home remains in the Livingston family and is used as a wedding venue.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>John Livingston chose the northwest corner of Livingston Manor as the site for his house, and chose the location after climbing an Oak tree to witness the stunning views.</p><br>
<p>It is a -story, brick rectangular block with a smooth surface in the Federal style. Late-19th-century additions and alterations include the mansard roof and cornice, front porch, and kitchen wing. Also on the property are a carriage house (c. 1900), garage (c. 1924), two former equipment storage buildings (c. 1900), corncrib (c. 1900), and a small residence / carpentry shop (c. 1800). Also on the estate are a Colonial Revival style gatehouse (1900), the Caperus Cole house (1778) with later Greek Revival style details, a barn (1801), the Robert Evans house (c. 1890), Studley house (1780), and Gavigan house (c. 1890).</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Teviotdale is a historic home located at Linlithgo in Columbia County, New York. It was built about 1773 by Walter Livingston . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Walter was the son of Robert Livingston, third and final Lord of Livingston Manor. Upon his death in November 1790, aged eighty-one, Robert broke with the family tradition of leaving the estate to his eldest son and shared Livingston Manor among his five sons. While the eldest, Peter Robert Livingston (1737–1793), inherited "Clermont" proper, Robert devised his land lying east of the Post Road to four of his sons, Walter, Robert C., Henry, and John, each receiving about 28,000 acres; the several lots being located from north to south, along the post-road, in the order named. Each received also a part of the domain to the west of that road. Originally the land was covered with timber, principally pine and oak.</p><br>
<p>Walter built the "Teviotdale" mansion as a country home, on an elevation, between the Klein and Roeloff Jansen Kills. He died in 1797, and was buried at Trinity Churchyard in New York.</p><br>
<p>Walter had married his cousin, Gertrude Schuyler sometime prior to 1768. Their youngest daughter Harriet Livingston (1783–1826), married Robert Fulton (1765–1815) in 1806. During their marriage Teviotdale was their country home. After Fulton&#39;s death in 1815, Harriet her children, moved to "Teviotdale". She afterwards married Charles Augustus Dale, an Englishman of expensive habits and great fondness for horses. It is related that on one occasion he drove a team of thoroughbreds from New York City to Teviotdale, on a wager that he could make faster time than the steamboat, accomplishing the feat between sunrise and sunset. He won the wager, although at the sacrifice of one of his horses.</p><br>
<p>At one point, the house came into the possession of Christian Cooper, a former servant of the family, who served in the War of 1812. Christian Cooper died in 1895 aged 110. That same year, his granddaughter Jesse was born to Russell and Jessie Cooper in the Fulton house at Teviotdale. In 1914, she married Antonio Bartolotta; they bought a nearby farm and established Klein Kill&#39;s Fruit Farms.</p><br>
<p>The house was abandoned by the 1920s, but in the 1970s was restored by late interior designer Harrison Cultra and his partner, Richard Barker. It was featured in the June 1980 issue of Architectural Digest.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is a -story, Georgian / Federal-style structure. It is built of stone and brick. Robert and Harriet Livingston Fulton added a piazza, a central Palladian window on the front facade, and a stucco exterior in the early 1800s.</p><br>
<p>Henry W. Livingston House, also known as "The Hill", is a historic home located at Livingston in Columbia County, New York. It was built in 1803 and is a massive, two-story brick dwelling coated in stucco. It has a three-bay central block with wings that terminate in octagons. The central block features curved bays and a two-story portico with four Ionic order columns and cut stone stylobate. There are also one-story curved porches with smaller Ionic columns that connect the octagons of wings to the central block. It was built by Henry W. Livingston .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Richmond Hill is a historic home and farm complex located at Livingston in Columbia County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Richmond Hill was built in 1814 for Walter Livingston. The estate includes a large Federal style residence dating to 1813–1814, ten contributing related outbuildings, and one contributing structure. The main house is a two-story, rectangular brick block with a gable roof and slightly protruding three bay pavilion. Also on the property is a large Dutch barn, two smaller barns, carriage house, privy, shop, shed, and well.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Richmond Hill, Side View (Livingston, New York).jpgSide view, October 2018.</p><br>
<p>Richmond Hill Interior (Livingston, New York).jpgLiving room, October 2018.</p><br>
<p>Knollcroft is a historic home located at New Concord in Columbia County, New York. It was built in 1880 as a summer retreat. It is a large, two-story brick-and-frame structure designed in the Queen Anne style. It features a two-story, projecting polygonal bay with a hipped roof and a large, deep verandah. Also on the property is a carriage house, well house, and privy.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>House at New Forge is a historic home located at New Forge in Columbia County, New York. It was built about 1850 and is a vernacular Greek Revival style residence. It features a two-story, projecting polygonal bay with a hipped roof and a large, deep verandah. Also on the property is a privy. The property includes the full extent of the 18th century industrial, commercial, and residential activities at Maryburgh Forges and the 19th century hamlet of New Forge. Within the property is the site of the 18th century iron forges, the site and foundation of the mid- late-19th century Livingston family manor house, the sites of several former commercial and / or residential buildings, and the site of mid-19th century grist mill, saw mill, and plaster mill.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Donnelly House is a historic home located at New Lebanon in Columbia County, New York. It was built about 1760 and is a modestly scaled saltbox style residence. It is a two-story, three-bay, center chimney, frame dwelling with narrow siding on a fieldstone foundation. It measures 38 feet, 7 inches wide and 26 feet, 1/2 inch deep. Also on the property are two small barns.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Elisha Gilbert House is a historic home located at New Lebanon in Columbia County, New York. Built in 1794, the home is a massive, two story frame Federal style residence with a gambrel roof and a five bay facade with a center entrance pavilion and clapboard siding. The attic level once held a Masonic Lodge meeting hall. Also on the property is a family cemetery and 19th century barn.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Lebanon Springs Union Free School is a historic school building located at New Lebanon in Columbia County, New York. It was built in 1913 and is a rectangular, two story, hipped roof brick building coated in stucco. It sits on a tooled concrete foundation and is topped with a slate roof. Atop the roof is an eight sided louvered belfry. Also on the property are the remains of a railroad trestle over the Wyomanock Creek.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Gov. Samuel J. Tilden Monument is a historic funeral monument located in Cemetery of the Evergreens at New Lebanon in Columbia County, New York. It was designed by architect Ernest Flagg  and built in 1895–1896. It contains the remains of New York State Governor Samuel J. Tilden . It consists of a nine and one half ton cut granite sarcophagus on a raised platform of four cut granite steps. The crypt entrance is marked by a cast-bronze gate that provides access to three brick arched crypts.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>William A. Witbeck House is a historic home located at Stuyvesant in Columbia County, New York. It was built about 1812 and is a -story, five-by-two-bay, wood-frame dwelling in a transitional Dutch / Federal style. It is topped by a gable roof with seam metal roofing and the exterior is sheathed in clapboards.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Johannis L. Van Alen Farm is a historic home and farm complex at Stuyvesant in Columbia County, New York, United States. The house was built about 1760 and is typical of Dutch homes built during the period. It is a -story brick dwelling with a gambrel roof and chimney at each end. Also on the property are an 18th-century Dutch barn, a corn crib and barn dating to the late 18th or early 19th century, and several additional barns and a chicken/pigeon house from the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Wilbor House, also known as The Thompson Farm, is a historic home located at Old Chatham in Columbia County, New York. It was built in around 1790 and is a two-story, five by two bay, heavy timber frame dwelling on a raised fieldstone foundation. It is topped by a medium pitched gable roof. The house has a one-and-one-half-story wing, with a single-story wing extended from it.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>William and Victoria Pulver House is a historic home located at Snyderville in Columbia County, New York. It was built about 1875 and is a two-story, square plan wood-frame building with a hipped roof topped by a square cupola. It has two, one story hipped roof wings. Also on the property is a shed and garage.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Requa House is a historic home located at Stuyvesant in Columbia County, New York. It was built in 1904 and is a -story Colonial Revival–style dwelling with two porticoed facades. It is set on a slightly graded lot and features a complex roof configuration, with hipped and gable roof sections, gable dormers, and a balustraded widow&#39;s walk. Also on the property is a large barn, a smaller brick barn, and a shed.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Catholic Church is a Catholic church in Cassella, it was designated a historic site because of its well-preserved 19th-century architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Parish history</h2><br>
<p>Founded in 1847, Nativity parish was served from its earliest years by itinerant priests of the Society of the Precious Blood. Soon after the parish&#39;s formation, a small frame church building was erected on the northeastern corner of the intersection of what is now Cassella-Montezuma Road and State Route 119. The parish was reduced by the formation of St. Francis parish in Cranberry Prairie: due to the difficulty of travelling to Cassella, the Catholics in the western part of the parish requested a separate church, and St. Francis parish was founded in 1858.</p><br>
<p>Despite the creation of St. Francis&#39; Church, the original frame church had become too small by the late 1850s. Starting in 1858, the parishioners spent $6,000 to construct a replacement brick structure on the southeastern corner of the intersection. Other buildings were constructed around the church, including a large house for the pastor.</p><br>
<p>Today, Nativity remains an active parish of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. It is part of the Marion Catholic Community cluster, along with Precious Blood parish in Chickasaw, St. Sebastian parish in Sebastian, St. Rose parish in St. Rose, and St. John the Baptist parish in Maria Stein. The entire cluster is a part of the St. Marys Deanery.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Several buildings owned by or related to the parish are located at Cassella&#39;s primary intersection. Centered on the parish church, these buildings were completed over a period of more than 50 years.</p><br>
<h3>Church</h3><br>
<p>The church building is a rectangular single-story structure, three bays wide on the front and four bays long on the sides. Built on a stone foundation with a basement, the walls are of brick covered with stone, and the building is covered with a gabled roof of asphalt. Begun in 1858, the church was consecrated in August, 1862. The High Gothic Revival church was greatly modified after an 1888 fire that nearly destroyed the original structure: the original walls survived, badly burnt, but the interior was destroyed. Although the church was soon rebuilt at a cost of $16,000, the exterior displayed signs of fire for many years; only in 1915 was the damage hidden, as travelling German craftsmen covered it with the cut stone exterior that remains in place today.</p><br>
<p>Dominating the churchs facade is a square tower at the front; topped with a cupola above an arch-shaped tracery window, it is decorated with ornamental columns. Worshippers enter the church through a large doorway in the towers base. The tall Gothic Revival towers of many of these churches, including Nativity, led locals to nickname the region the "Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches"</p><br>
<p>Architectural historians have classified the Cross-Tipped Churches into four generations. Nativitys first parish church was typical of the first generation of churches, which were typically small frame buildings; only the brick St. Johns Church in Fryburg has survived from this generation without significant modifications. Nativity is one of the oldest second-generation churches, which were generally small rectangular brick buildings such as Holy Family; although it was built during the years of the first generation, it assumed its present condition after the 1888 fire.</p><br>
<h3>Rectory</h3><br>
<p>Located adjacent to the church to the east is a large rectory that was constructed in 1904. A square two-story building, its walls are of brick laid in a common bond; they rest on an ashlar foundation and are topped with a hip roof of asphalt shingles. Among its notable architectural features are a large dormer window above the first-story verandah porch, an imbricated gable with a Palladian window, and an octagonal tower on the houses northwestern corner. The buildings overall architecture is transitional between styles, with some Gothic Revival elements.</p><br>
<p>In the parish&#39;s first ten years, Mass was celebrated by errant priests who stayed at nearby convents during their visits; accordingly, there was no need for a rectory. Even after the parish was granted a settled pastor, he had no house; priests in the region typically lived at the nearby convents. This situation changed in the earliest years of the twentieth century, when an archiepiscopal directive required all parishes in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati to construct rectories for their pastors. The resulting houses are generally two-story rectangular brick structures with hip roofs and verandahs; the rectory at Cassella is one of the best-preserved examples of the period.</p><br>
<h3>Other structures</h3><br>
<p>Two former parish schools lie along Cassella-Montezuma Road, immediately south of the church. These one-room schools share several architectural features, including double round windows and double doors on their facades. Many parishes in the region built schools for their children; while many one-room schools have been demolished or greatly changed, others have been converted into parish halls or other non-scholastic types of buildings.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the establishment of the parish, the Sisters of the Precious Blood founded a convent approximately 0.5 mi south of Cassella. Built in 1850 and known as the "Gruenwald Convent", it once housed 60 nuns. This building no longer functions as a convent.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In 1977, Nativity Church and its rectory were recorded by the Ohio Historic Inventory, a historic preservation survey conducted by the Ohio Historical Society. Although the survey observed that no efforts were being made toward the preservation of the buildings, both were classified as being in good condition on the interior and the exterior, and no threats to their continued existence could be found. Two years later, the church and rectory were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places because of their well-preserved historic architecture. At the same time, 32 other properties, including 25 churches, were listed on the Register as part of a multiple property submission of Precious Blood-related buildings in far western Ohio. Included among these are the Gruenwald Convent and most other churches of the Marion Catholic Community; Precious Blood Church in Chickasaw is not included, but its school and rectory are.</p><br>
<p>Snyderville Schoolhouse is a historic one-room school building located at Snyderville in Columbia County, New York. It was built about 1860 and is a small rectangular one-story wood-frame building with clapboard siding and a gable roof. Atop the roof is a small square bell tower. It remained in use as a school until 1942.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Columbia Turnpike-West Tollhouse is a historic tollhouse located at Greenport in Columbia County, New York. It was built about 1800 and is a -story, three bay square limestone building with a medium pitched gable roof. It operated along the Columbia Turnpike and served as the tollkeeper&#39;s residence and in use as such until 1907, when the road was turned over to the county and then the state. The state designated the road as New York State Route 23 until that route was realigned southwest towards the Rip Van Winkle Bridge in the 1950s and the segment along the toll house was redesignated as New York State Route 23B.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Lynch Hotel is a historic hotel located at Newton Hook in Columbia County, New York. It was built about 1900 and is a 2-story, five-by-four-bay, frame building with a gable roof in the Queen Anne style. Also on the property is a small barn or carriage house. It has been a single family home since about 1935.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. The neighboring James Lynch House was listed in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Rowe-Lant Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at East Chatham in Columbia County, New York. The farmhouse was built about 1790 and is an L-shaped dwelling with a 2-story, brick main block and -story brick and frame wing. It is five bays wide and two bays deep with a gable roof. Also on the property is a large timber-frame barn, garage and horse barn, and large tractor barn.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>James Lynch House is a historic home located at Nutten Hook in Columbia County, New York. It was built about 1900 and is a two-story, light frame building on a brick foundation. It functioned as the Nutten Hook post office from about 1948 to 1955. It was built for James Lynch, who operated the adjacent Lynch Hotel.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Copake Grange Hall, also known as Copake Grange #935, is a historic Grange hall located at Copake in Columbia County, New York, USA It was built in 1902–1903, with additions in 1906 and 1921. It is a two-story wood-frame building with a gable roof and two one story flat roofed wings. For many years the second floor served as a public library.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Waveland, a historic estate located at 120 East Erksine Rd in Danville, Kentucky. The Waveland House is owned by Dr. Thad and Jane Overmyer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Waveland is the ancestral home of the Green family. It was built between 1797 and 1800 by Willis Green.</p><br>
<p>The Green lore, as related around Danville, in the Southern Bluegrass region of Kentucky, begins with Willis and Sarah Reed Green, the parents of John Green and grandparents of Thomas Marshall Green, whose direct descendants include Adlai Stevenson I, whose great-grandson is Adlai Stevenson IV.</p><br>
<p>Willis and Sarah, of Scotch-Irish descent, were born and reared in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, and were married near Danville in 1783. This is said to have been the first Christian marriage in Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Willis had come to Kentucky in a surveying party, and had located for himself a tract of several thousand acres that struck his fancy a mile or two from the Danville settlement. Here he built, between 1797 and 1800, the fine large brick house for years called Waveland. The Willis Greens had twelve children, of whom the eldest, John, the lawyer, and the youngest, Lewis, the clergyman, are now most widely remembered.</p><br>
<p>Willis Green represented Kentucky County in the Virginia legislature, and later served also in Kentucky&#39;s own legislature. He held office, too, as clerk of the court of Lincoln County, which then included Danville and what is now Boyle County. History books note that he held other various important trusts and was one of the early valuable men of the Kentucky country.</p><br>
<p>Waveland was passed down from Willis Green to his son Lewis Warner Green, who is known as the fifth president of Centre College in Danville, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Spengler Bridge, named after Henry Cones Spengler , Chatham County Highway Commissioner, is a historic Pratt Truss bridge located at Chatham in Columbia County, New York. It was built in 1880 by the Morse Bridge Company of Youngstown, Ohio. It is composed of two Pratt trusses with counters, each 138 feet in length. It measures 16 feet wide and crosses the Kinderhook Creek.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Riders Mills Historic District is a national historic district located at Chatham in Columbia County, New York. The district includes 20 contributing buildings, eight contributing structures, and one contributing site. It includes the remnants of the one thriving hamlet of Riders Mills, located along the Kinderhook Creek and largely wiped out by a flood in 1869. Most of the buildings are residential and date to the early to mid-19th century and reflect a variety of popular architectural styles such as Georgian and Greek Revival. In addition to residences, the district includes a schoolhouse and bridge. There are also eight known archaeological sites, mostly the foundations of mills and residences.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>John S. Williams House and Farm, also known as Old Chatham Sheepherding Farm and Inn, is a historic home and farm designated a national historic district and located at Chatham in Columbia County, New York. The district includes seven contributing buildings. They are: the main house, a farm employee cottage, another cottage, a stone tool shed , and three small barns / garages. The main house is a two-story, frame building with a center hall plan. The house dates to the about 1770, but was extensively enlarged and remodelled in 1935–1936 in the Colonial Revival style, under direction by New York City architects Polhemus & Coffin.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Clermont Civic Historic District is a national historic district located at Clermont in Columbia County, New York. The district includes one contributing building and one contributing site: the Clermont Town Hall and the Clermont Cemetery. Within the district boundaries, but listed separately are Clermont Academy and St. Luke&#39;s Church. The district unites the three buildings and cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Clermont Town Hall is a modest Queen Anne–style building constructed in 1894. It is one and one half stories, with a high-pitched gable roof and set on a low stone foundation. The Clermont Cemetery was established about 1850 and is next to St. Luke&#39;s Church. It includes approximately 300 burials, mostly dated from the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Sixteen Mile District was a national historic district located near Clermont and Rhinebeck in Columbia County, New York. The district includes 233 contributing buildings that are associated with estates located along the east side of the Hudson River. A number of the buildings are located on the campus of Bard College, notably those associated with the estates of Blythewood and Ward Manor. Other notable intact estates within the district are Montgomery Place, Teviot, the Pynes, Callendar House, Edgewater, Rokeby, Mandara , Wilderstein, and Wildercliff. The Ferncliff estate includes a "casino" or tennis court building designed by Stanford White.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. In 1990, it was subsumed, along with the Clermont Estates Historic District, into the Hudson River Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Charles J. and Ingrid V.  Koebel House is a private house located at 203 Cloverly Road in Grosse Pointe Farms. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Industrialist Charles J. Koebel was the owner of the Koebel Diamond Tool Company. Charles and his wife Ingrid met Eliel Saarinen on a boat to Finland, and in 1937, they hired the architectural firm of Eliel and his son Eero Saarinen to design their Grosse Pointe Farms house. It was the first commission for the father-and-son Saarinen firm. The interior of the house was designed by Pipsan Saarinen Swanson, Eliels daughter, and the final plans for the house were prepared by J. Robert F. Swanson, Pipsans husband, in 1939. Construction on the house was completed in 1940.</p><br>
<p>James A. Kelly and Mariam C. Noland purchased the house from the Koebel family in 1985 and restored it to original condition.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Koebel House is a two-story, 5600 square-foot Modernist structure built from tan brick, with five bedrooms and a flat roof located on a corner lot. The house is essentially rectangular in plan, with the addition of a curved, projecting sun porch on the southwest corner.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, The first-floor living room, dining room, and music room are all one space, enclosed with a curving interior wall with sculpture niches. The space is subdivided with sets of windows, while built-in seating at one end and a recessed ceiling at the other create individual spaces. The second floor housed five bedrooms and four bathrooms. An advanced electrical and sound system was built into the walls, and could be controlled from the master bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The house, with its strong external horizontal lines, is designed to be part of the landscape. The design of the house features the repeated use of circles inscribed in rectangles, and integrates the exterior architecture, sculpture, interior design, lighting, and furnishings, and represents the best of Modernist design.</p><br>
<p>Copake Iron Works Historic District is a national historic district located at Copake Falls in Columbia County, New York. The district includes 11 contributing buildings, three contributing sites, eight contributing structures, and three contributing objects. They are associated with the remaining vestiges of the Copake Iron Works, an iron extraction and production operation established in the mid-19th century. It includes the remains of a charcoal blast furnace , frame office and attached brick powder storage building, brick engine house and pattern shop, four frame workers houses, and a substantial Greek Revival dwelling. Also included in the district are a series of retaining walls, remnants of a cast-iron penstock, and a bridge abutment. Also located in the district is the previously listed Church of St. John in the Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>R. and W. Scott Ice Company Powerhouse and Ice House Site is a national historic district located at Stuyvesant in Columbia County, New York. The district includes one contributing building, one contributing structure, and one contributing site. They are the remains of an ice house, the exterior walls and chimney of a powerhouse  and the surviving features of a dock and bulkhead. The ice house measured 300 feet long and 200 feet wide and the foundation walls are two feet thick.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Stuyvesant Falls Mill District is a national historic district located in the town of Stuyvesant in Columbia County, New York. The district includes six contributing buildings, five contributing sites, and two contributing structures. They are the industrial sites and power sources from which the adjoining hamlet of Stuyvesant Falls derived its livelihood. It includes the Upper and Lower Falls and mill dams; on the east bank of Kinderhook Creek the sites of a grist mill and paper mill, cotton mill, woolen mill complex and extant hydroelectric plant; west bank operations including three extant 19th century cotton mills and several dwellings. Also included is an iron truss bridge erected in 1899.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Fort Brady was a frontier fort established in Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan to guard against British incursions from Canada. The original location of the fort, known as Old Fort Brady, was along the Saint Mary&#39;s River. Fort Brady was located at this site from 1822 until 1893, when it was moved to a new location on higher ground, known as New Fort Brady. The fort was located at the new site from 1893 until its close in 1944. The site of Old Fort Brady was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1956 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971; New Fort Brady was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1970 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment of Fort Brady</h2><br>
<p>To enhance actual American control of the northwestern frontier against these incursions, especially in the wake of the War of 1812 against the British, the War Department decided to establish several forts along the Great Lakes. Despite several treaties with the British clearly establishing American sovereignty over Michigan Territory, British forces made occasional to frequent incursions from Canada. In 1820, Lewis Cass, governor of Michigan Territory, negotiated the cession of sixteen square miles along the Saint Mary&#39;s River (connecting Lake Superior with Lake Huron) from the Chippewa Nation.</p><br>
<p>In July 1822, Colonel Hugh Brady, with Headquarters and Companies A, B, D, I and K of the 2nd Infantry Regiment, traveled to the Sault to re-assert American authority over the region and establish a garrison there. By the end of the year, Brady had established a fort on a ten-acre site overlooking St. Marys River. The garrison at the fort protected exclusive American sovereignty over the northern frontier.</p><br>
<h2>"Old" Fort Brady</h2><br>
<p>This original fort consisted of a rectangular stockade of cedar posts, with two blockhouses placed at opposite corners. garrison field, and cemetery were all located outside the stockade. The entire site covered 26 acres.</p><br>
<p>Fort Brady map.pngMap of Old Fort Brady, c. 1870</p><br>
<p>Fort Brady c 1857.jpgOld Fort Brady, c. 1857</p><br>
<p>Old Fort Brady Blockhouse.pngSketch of Old Fort Brady Blockhouse</p><br>
<h2>Intermission</h2><br>
<p>The American military presence at Fort Brady counteracted the influence of the British over the region, and their incursions ceased. The success of Colonel Hugh Brady at this mission earned him a promotion to brigadier general. No further armed conflict against the British occurred in the region, and the importance of Fort Brady was reduced. During the 1846–48 Mexican–American War, the Army withdrew troops and the fort was manned by Michigan volunteers. After the conclusion of the war, the volunteers left, and the fort was unoccupied until mid-1849, when US troops returned. The army again abandoned the fort in 1857, when, in response to potential hostilities, the troops were transferred to Fort Snelling in Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>However, realizing the locks were ripe for sabotage, the Army reoccupied Fort Brady in 1866, with the protection of state locks and canals as the center of the garrisons mission. By this time the buildings and stockade of the original fort were badly dilapidated, and the entire fort was enlarged and rebuilt, with only two structures, the officers quarters (changed to a hospital) and guardhouse (changed to a bakery), remaining.</p><br>
<p>In about 1870, the fort consisted of</p><br>
<p>a two-story barracks, 120 ft by 24 ft</p><br>
<p>kitchen</p><br>
<p>commissary</p><br>
<p>bakery (built in 1822 as a guard house)</p><br>
<p>guardhouse, 24 ft by 22 ft, built in 1867</p><br>
<p>hospital (built in 1822 as officer&#39;s quarters)</p><br>
<p>commanding officer&#39;s quarters, 32 ft by 42 ft</p><br>
<p>staff officer&#39;s quarters, 52 ft by 56 ft, built in 1866</p><br>
<h2>Transition</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1800s, the shipping canal at Sault Ste. Marie was widened, and the original site of Fort Brady was no longer deemed adequate. General Philip Sheridan selected a more strategic site nearby, on higher ground, and in 1886 work began on constructing a new fort. The new fort, known as "New Fort Brady," was completed in 1893.</p><br>
<p>The old fort grounds were platted by Assistant Quartermaster George S. Hoyt, and in 1894 sections were auctioned off. In 1909–1910 a post office was built on the site. There is now no visible trace remaining of the original fort. However, archaeologists have found evidence of three walls in the area, and a small re-creation of the stockade wall marks the original location of the fort. In 1970 the site of Old Fort Brady was declared surplus by the US government.</p><br>
<h2>"New" Fort Brady</h2><br>
<p>The original site of New Fort Brady consisted on 64 buildings sited on 73 acres. They are:</p><br>
<p>Officers Row: The officers row houses were constructed in the 1890s or early 1900s as housing for the garrisons officers, including the commanding officer. The commandants quarters is now the residence of the president of Lake Superior State University. Other officers row houses include the student residences now known as Ontario Hall, Huron Hall, Chippewa Hall, and Laker Hall; as well as The Native American Center (Eskoonwid Endaad) and Hillside House, which houses the Admissions Office.</p><br>
<p>Guardhouse: The guardhouse was built in the 1890s as a guardhouse and stockade. It is now known as East Hall, and is occupied by the Music Department.</p><br>
<p>Infantry Barracks: The infantry barracks were constructed in 1903 to house infantry soldiers. The barracks were originally two identical buildings; the second was destroyed by fire in the 1960s. The remaining barracks building is now known as Considine Hall, and houses the College of Business and Economics.</p><br>
<p>Post Headquarters: The post headquarters was built in the early 1900s as officers housing and headquarters. It is now known as "Brown Hall," and houses Lake Superior States Department of Education.</p><br>
<p>Fire House: The fire house was built in the early 1900s. It is now the Child Care Center.</p><br>
<p>Post Office: The post office was built in 1920 to house the fort&#39;s post office and quartermaster troops. The building was remodeled in the 1940s into an office building, and is now known as the Administration Building. The structure houses the Offices of the President, Provost, and Employee Relations.</p><br>
<p>East Gate: The East Gate and associated gatehouse were constructed in 1921 as the main entrance to the fort. The gatehouse now houses electrical equipment.</p><br>
<p>WACS Barracks: This structure constructed in the 1930s to serve as barracks for the Women&#39;s Army Corps. It is now used as a residence hall, and is known as Brady Hall, so named in honor of the first commander of Fort Brady.</p><br>
<p>Gymnasium: The gymnasium was built in the 1930s as a gymnasium. The building was used by Lake Superior State for athletic events and other school functions until 1976. The building, now known as the Fletcher Center, was then converted to house university offices, including Student Services, Financial Aid and the Registrar.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>The primary responsibility of the post at New Fort Brady was to protect the canal. Troops from the fort assisted during civil unrest in 1894, and during the Spanish–American War of 1898, two thousand troops passed through the fort for training.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, 15,000 troops lived at Fort Brady,</p><br>
<p>In 1944, before the end of World War II, the Army decided to close the fort as surplus. In 1946, the Army gave the fort to the Michigan College of Mining and Technology (now Michigan Technological University), who established a branch campus at the site. After renovation, the fort was sold to Lake Superior State College (now Lake Superior State University). Many of the original buildings have been replaced, but the major buildings of New Fort Brady have been well-maintained and form the heart of the campus. These buildings are now row houses, the Administration building, Fletcher Center, Brady Hall, South Hall, Brown Hall, East Hall and the Child Care Center.</p><br>
<p>Fort Morris Historic Site is a Georgia state historic park in Liberty County, Georgia, in the United States. The fort is on a bend in the Medway River and played an important role in the protection of southeast Georgia throughout various conflicts beginning in 1741 and ending in 1865 at the conclusion of the American Civil War, including the French and Indian and American Revolutionary Wars and War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>On May 13, 1970, the fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Fort Morris.</p><br>
<h2>History of the fort</h2><br>
<p>The first fort on the site was constructed in 1741 and used in the War of Jenkins&#39; Ear to protect a plantation owned by Captain Mark Carr. His plantation came under attack on March 18, 1741, by a group of Indians who were allies with the Spanish colonial forces in Florida. Several soldiers defending the fort were killed in the raid and the contents of the fort and plantation were taken away in a large boat that belonged to the plantation.</p><br>
<p>The next fort at the site was constructed in 1756 at the encouragement of locals who were being attacked during uprising of Creek Indians in the era during the French and Indian War. The fort was expanded in 1758 to provide protection for the new settlement of Sunbury which was built on land owned by Carr.</p><br>
<p>The need to defend the Medway River and Sunbury rose again at the outset of the American Revolution. Fort Morris was attacked by the British on January 9, 1779, and was taken the next day. The fort was renamed Fort George and was occupied by the British until September 1779.</p><br>
<p>The fort fell into disrepair once again in the years following the Revolution. The need to defend Sunbury and the river rose again with the outset of the War of 1812. Fort Defiance was constructed on the site of the former Fort Morris in 1814. Construction of the fort was not completed prior to the end of the war and it was left unfinished.</p><br>
<p>Fort Morris and Sunbury played a minor role in the American Civil War. A small group of Confederate soldiers were stationed at Sunbury and may have used the fort. General William T. Sherman&#39;s March to the Sea brought an influx of Union soldiers to the area. They removed some cannons from the fort in 1864 to be taken to Union-controlled forts on the Atlantic coast.</p><br>
<h2>Park</h2><br>
<p>Fort Morris Historic Site is owned by the state of Georgia and preserves the historical remains of the various forts that were once on the site. Earthworks are still standing at the park and show the size of the fort that once defended the Medway River.</p><br>
<p>Three historic interpretive events are held at the park. A Labor Day celebration includes tours given by guides in historic recreations of military uniforms and musket and cannon firings. A re-enactment of Colonel McIntosh&#39;s 1778 stand takes place in November. The re-enactment includes firings of weapons and a skirmish. A Colonial Christmas is celebrated at the fort with colonial area treats, music and bonfire.</p><br>
<p>Park facilities include a visitor center with a film and exhibits, a nature trail and picnic areas. The Pioneer Campground is open to groups. A 1-mile nature trail provides visitors with a glimpse of the wildlife and plants of the area.</p><br>
<p>The Jemison–Van de Graaff Mansion, also known as the Jemison–Van de Graaf–Burchfield House, is a historic house in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States. The structure remained a private residence until 1955, when it served first as a library, then publishing house offices, and lastly as a historic house museum. The mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 19, 1972, due to its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 26-room Italianate mansion was designed by architect Samuel Sloan for Robert Jemison, Jr., a local planter, politician, and businessman. John Stewart supervised construction, and had been a partner with Sloan. Construction began in 1859, as the nearby Alabama State Hospital for the Insane, designed by Sloan, neared completion. Stewart was in Tuscaloosa supervising the construction of the hospital. Jemison had been a significant political force in getting the Alabama Legislature to locate the proposed Alabama Insane Hospital in Tuscaloosa, since the state capital had been relocated to Montgomery in 1846.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the mansion continued into the early years of the American Civil War, being primarily completed in 1862. Although some items were never completed as planned due to the war and the resulting Union blockade of the South, the house made use of the latest technology. This included an elaborate plumbing system which featured running water, flush toilets, a hot water boiler, and a copper bathtub. This was some of the earliest modern plumbing in the state. The property also had its own coal gas plant, which provided the mansion with gas lighting and fueled a kitchen stove.</p><br>
<p>Jemison died at the mansion on October 16, 1871. The property remained in the hands of his descendants into the 20th century. Robert Jemisons best-known descendant, Robert Jemison Van de Graaff, was born there in 1901. The house was sold to J.P. and Nell Burchfield in 1945, who would later complete the first major restoration. Following their ownership it was converted to use as Tuscaloosas Friedman Public Library from 1955 until 1979. Once the library was relocated it was used by two national publications, first Horizon and then Antique Monthly. Finally, it was acquired by the Jemison–Van de Graaff Mansion Foundation in 1991. Since that time it has been fully restored and is now operated as a historic house museum and event location.</p><br>
<p>Keawaiki Bay is on the western coast of Hawaiʻi Island.</p><br>
<p>It is the site of a residential complex built for Francis Hyde ʻĪʻī Brown (1892–1976) who was a champion golf player and legislator.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bay is located at 19&deg;53&prime;16&Prime;N latitude, 155&deg;54&prime;22&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>The area to the north was covered by an 1859 lava flow from Mauna Loa. It was the site of an ancient temple (heiau) and settlement of ancient Hawaii destroyed by the 1859 eruption.</p><br>
<p>Brown was a grandson of native Hawaiian historian and judge John Papa ʻĪʻī. His mother was</p><br>
<p>Irene Kahalelaukoa ʻĪʻī (1869–1922), and father was Charles Augustus Brown (born 1856).</p><br>
<p>He was born in Honolulu September 16, 1892 and attended Punahou School and Fessenden School in West Newton, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The lands that John ʻĪʻī had been awarded were put into a trust called the John ʻĪʻī Estate, Limited.</p><br>
<p>After his parents divorced in 1898 his mother remarried, which was the subject of a lawsuit due to ambiguity in the original will.</p><br>
<p>During World War I Brown served as an ambulance driver in France.</p><br>
<p>He married Stephanie Wichman in Honolulu on January 30, 1919.</p><br>
<p>He became an involved in several sports, including baseball, swimming, tennis, polo, and golf.</p><br>
<p>He won the Hawaiian Amateur golf championship nine times. In 1924 he set a course record at the Old Course at St Andrews and in 1927 he set the course record at Pebble Beach Golf Links.</p><br>
<p>As a member of the Republican Party of Hawaii, he was elected to the Territory of Hawaii house of representatives in 1925, and the senate from 1927 through 1947, except when an automobile accident in 1935 prevented him from participating in 1936.</p><br>
<p>He purchased 15 acre on Keawaiki Bay from the territory between 1926 and 1931 as the houses were constructed. Buildings include a main house with two bedrooms, two guest houses, a caretaker house, and other structures. They were built from local lava rock. Swimmer Duke Kahanamoku spent his honeymoon in a guest house and helped design swimming pools on the property.</p><br>
<p>Helen Desha Beamer composed a song about Keawaiki.</p><br>
<p>In 1932 Brown also bought a small cottage built for James Frank Woods and Eva Parker at Kalahuipuaʻa about 8 mi to the north. The cottage is preserved as a museum in the Mauna Lani resort.</p><br>
<p>The resort named its golf course for Brown.</p><br>
<p>The Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail runs past the property.</p><br>
<p>The complex was abandoned during World War II in 1941, and Keawaiki was sold to nephew Zadoc White Brown (1917–2006).</p><br>
<p>Zadoc Brown founded the first mutual fund in Hawaii.</p><br>
<p>Several animal pens near the beach were destroyed in the April 1, 1946 tsunami.</p><br>
<p>Until 1974 the only access to the bay was by boat or on foot. A private unpaved road now leads from the Hawaii Belt Road that runs inland of the bay.</p><br>
<p>Brown died in 1976 in Pebble Beach, California.</p><br>
<p>He was called "Mr. Golf of Hawaiʻi" when inducted into the Hawaii Sports Hall of fame.</p><br>
<p>City Hall in Meridian, Mississippi in the United States is located at 601 24th Avenue. Originally designed by architect P.J. Krouse in 1915, the building underwent several renovations during the 1950s that diminished the historic quality of the building. City Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and as a Mississippi Landmark in 1988. After complaints of a faulty HVAC system, the building underwent a restoration to its original 1915 appearance beginning in September 2006. The project was originally estimated to cost $7–8 million and last two years. Because of several factors including the building&#39;s listings on historic registers, a lawsuit filed by a subcontractor, and unforeseen structural problems, the final cost and duration of the renovation far exceeded original estimates. The renovation was completed in January 2012 at a total cost projected to reach around $25 million after interest on debt.</p><br>
<p>The building is home to many city offices, including that of Jimmie Smith, the current mayor of Meridian.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the current city hall was built in 1915, the city government operated out of a building built in 1885 and designed by Gustav Torgenson, the same architect that designed the Riley Center in 1889. Architects R.H. Hunt, C.L. Hutchisson, and P.J. Krouse competed for the chance to design the new city hall in March 1914. Krouse was chosen to design the building on April 15, 1914, and Hutchisson was named the consulting architect. C.O. Craft is listed as the superintendent of the building, C.H. Miller as the superintendent for the architect, and Hancock & MacArthur are listed as contractors.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally built in the Beaux Arts style. There were no major alterations to the building until the 1950s, when modern conveniences were added. Air conditioning was added to the building, necessitating drop ceilings to make room for the ducts, which obscured the original plaster moulding in the interior. Wood panelling was added to create more offices out of the large chambers present in the original design, and mahogany windows were replaced with aluminum ones. Windows on the ground floor were filled with concrete during the 1950s as well. City governments, believing they were making improvements to the building, actually harmed it or diminished its historical value. Terracotta tiles were painted over, which trapped moisture inside the tiles and caused parts of the building to rot. Scagliola columns were painted blue, wood and marble floors were covered with linoleum, and the grand staircase was replaced with an elevator.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and as a Mississippi Landmark in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>By 2003, some city workers had complained about faulty HVAC systems in the building. The city then hired consultants to repair the systems, but they found so many other problems with the building that the city decided to renovate the entire building. The city began planning the operation in 2005, and the first bonds to finance the renovation were sold in 2006. The renovation was split up into four phases: planning, selective demolition, exterior renovation, and interior renovation. The first phase took place in 2005 before construction began. Phase II began in 2006, Phase III began in 2007, and Phase IV began in 2009. During the renovation, temporary City Hall was located at 2412 7th Street.</p><br>
<p>During Phase III, the terracotta tiles on the exterior were methodically replaced, cross and jack sunscreens were returned to their original black shade, and the fountain constructed on the front lawn in the 1950s was replaced. The renovation was awarded the Masonry Construction Online Project of the Year Award for 2009.</p><br>
<p>By March 2010, two of three fire stairs had been installed, and the elevator shaft had been moved to make way for a marble staircase. In September 2011, most electrical and mechanical systems had been installed, and only minor details on the inside of the building were missing. Several handrails and a few panes of glass had not yet been installed, as well as minor details such as paint and finish. Exterior landscaping was farther behind, partially because it was not part of the original plan laid out by former mayor John Robert Smith.</p><br>
<p>An open house was held on January 31, 2012, after the building was completed, and the first post-restoration meeting of the city council was held on February 21.</p><br>
<h3>Cost and Funding</h3><br>
<p>The original estimate of the cost was $7–8 million, which would be paid for by a single general obligation bond of $10 million that was also supposed to fund the construction of a new fire station and several smaller projects. By 2010, that estimate had more than doubled to $17 million. One reason for the increase was unforeseen necessary repairs, such as iron supports that had rusted to less than half their original size and a damaged drainage system. The building&#39;s listing on the National Register of Historic Places also increased cost. The Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH) required that anything salvageable from the original building must be repaired and reused rather than replaced. The terracotta tiles on the outside of the building, if not salvaged, were required to be replaced with exact replicas, and only two companies in the world could make them. In some cases, MDAH forced the city to spend more than they planned for historical accuracy. For example, the city had originally planned to install relatively cheap windows painted to look like the 1915 originals, but MDAH required the city to buy more expensive mahogany.</p><br>
<p>By September 2011, the cost of the renovation was tagged at $17,224,230. The eventual cost of the renovation is projected to approach $25.2 million, with $8 million paid in interest and fees on debt. Cost breakdown is as follows:</p><br>
<p>$8,542,000 for interior renovation and landscaping</p><br>
<p>$6,462,253 for exterior renovation</p><br>
<p>$1,234,244 (as of September 2011) for design</p><br>
<p>$544,075 for selective demolition</p><br>
<p>$300,000 for interior furnishings</p><br>
<p>$126,102 (as of September 2011) for a historic finishes consultant</p><br>
<p>$15,556 other</p><br>
<p>Each phase of construction is financed individually, but the original $10 million bond in 2006 was enough to cover the first three phases of construction. For Phase IV, the city received a block grant from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act totaling $182,400 for the installation of energy efficient equipment in the building. A second $10 million bond was acquired to pay for the remaining costs.</p><br>
<h3>Delays</h3><br>
<p>The unforeseen structural problems and the strictness of MDAH not only increased the cost of the project, but they also continued to push back the estimated date of completion. When the renovation began in 2006, it was expected to take only two years. Phase III took longer than expected because of the historical standards imposed by MDAH. Since only two companies in the world could make the terracotta tiles for the exterior of the building, there was a long wait for them. By March 2010, the scheduled completion date was February 2011.</p><br>
<p>Another hiccup in the renovation process was a lawsuit filed by EverGreene Architectural Arts, one of the projects subcontractors, against Panola Construction, the general contractor, and B.B. Archer, the architect. Evergreene claimed that negligent and incompetent actions had led to cost increases and scheduling delays for both Evergreene and the city. Archer characterized Evergreenes work as "shoddy" and "falling apart." As a result of this controversy, the scheduled completion date was pushed back to May 23, 2011.</p><br>
<h2>After restoration</h2><br>
<p>The restoration was completed in January 2012, and Cheri Barry announced the holding of an open house for the building on January 31. The open house included guest speakers such as former mayor Jimmy Kemp, state commissioner Dick Hall, and several members of the design team. Attendees were given a historical tour of the building, and a reception was held in the third floor ballroom with music, art, and refreshments.</p><br>
<p>The completed building matches the original architectural drawings as much as possible while still conforming to modern building codes. The panelling used to create small offices was removed, and the rooms are in the same places they were in 1915. All vinyl and plastic were removed from the interior and replaced with historic materials like wood, marble, plaster, and glass. A set of fire stairs on all three floors was added, and the elevator was moved to a different location to make way for a restored grand staircase of marble. Other interior changes include replacing the aluminum windows added in the 1950s with mahogany replicas of the originals, removing vinyl flooring to expose the original oak and marble beneath, and replacing aluminum doors and unsightly fluorescent lights.</p><br>
<p>The renovated building is also more energy efficient. Automatic lighting controls, insulated glass, efficient HVAC systems, and shades that automatically lower to keep out sunlight at specific times of day were added. The HVAC system is housed in a mechanical building across the street.</p><br>
<p>The first floor of the building houses the Human Resources department, the Information Technology department, and a conference room. The third floor originally housed an auditorium with a large stage and the Community Development department. The auditorium was rebuilt, though smaller in size than the original, and serves as a public space available to be rented for receptions and as the city council chambers. A kitchen for event catering was constructed beside the auditorium, and the floor also contains office space and a conference room.</p><br>
<p>Rosss Landing in Chattanooga, Tennessee, is the last site of the Cherokees 61-year occupation of Chattanooga and is considered to be the embarkation point of the Cherokee removal on the Trail of Tears. Ross&#39;s Landing Riverfront Park memorializes the location, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The landing was named for John Ross, later principal chief of the Cherokee Nation. In 1816 Ross settled at the site along the Tennessee River above Chattanooga Creek. There he established a trading post on the northern border of the Cherokee Nation, across the river from the United States of America. This area became known as "Rosss Warehouse," and "Rosss Ferry" (and alternatively, "Ross&#39;s Landing"). It was known to those passing through the area to have the best conditions for a river flatboat crossing. Ross operated a swing ferry across the river that was anchored on McClellan Island.</p><br>
<p>In 1826 Ross sold his land to a Methodist minister, Nicholas Dalton Scales, in order to move to Georgia to be closer to the political center of the Cherokee Nation.</p><br>
<p>When the United States government took over the Cherokee owned lands in 1837, the removal to Indian Territory began—known as the "Trail of Tears"—during which the Cherokee in several southeastern states were driven from their homes. Groups of the natives were staged at various camps, including east of Rosss Landing, for their coming expulsion west. On June 6, 1838, over 1500 Cherokee departed from Rosss Landing in steamboats and barges. A final group of Cherokee left in the Fall of 1838, forced to walk due to the falling levels of water in the river caused by a drought. The westward march of the Cherokee claimed several hundred lives, including Ross&#39;s wife, Quatie.</p><br>
<p>The name Ross&#39;s Landing was changed to Chattanooga by American settlers who took over the land after the Removal.</p><br>
<h2>Current landmark</h2><br>
<p>Rosss Landing is memorialized at Rosss Landing Riverfront Park on the banks of the Tennessee River where the city of Chattanooga was established. That site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 2005, a $61 million project to improve the Tennessee public parks was started, which included the redevelopment of Rosss Landing Park. A pedestrian path connects Rosss Landing Riverfront Park to the Tennessee Aquarium. A wall along the walkway contains an art installation that symbolizes the path that Cherokee followed on their forced relocation to Oklahoma. Created by Gadugi, a group of five Cherokee artists from Oklahoma, the installation features seven large carved and glazed clay medallions set into the walkway wall. The medallions represent different aspects of Cherokee history, religious beliefs, and struggles with white settlers.</p><br>
